Introduction

Hi my name is Bethan Robins, I am currently studying a degree in Primary Education Studies at Cardiff Metropolitan University. 

Throughout my blog I will be discussing the importance of Numeracy, Literacy and Digital Competence. I have chosen to focus on What is the Purpose of Education?, How Storytelling can be Used in Education, Will Technology Take Over Teachers, Gamification, E-safety and The Purpose of Numeracy in education?.

What is the purpose of education?

Education is essential to preparing children for adult life, it is the foundation of out culture and the engine to our economy. Delivering the commitment to social justice requires these three objectives at the heart of our education system. (Gibb. 2015).

It is our responsibility as educators to educate the next generation of adults to become valued members of our society. Education isn’t just about teaching students maths, English, Science etc, it is introducing them to knowledge of the world around them, about cultures, independence and repairing them to lead a successful and meaningful life and career. It is an educators responsibilities to ensure all students are fulfilled and resilience to succeed in adult life, creating a character to overcome everyday challenges as the person they want to be. The whole purpose of education is to ensure children are prepared for adult life.

Donaldson has stated ‘’The purposes of the curriculum in Wales should be that children and young people develop as:

 -ambitious, capable learners, ready to learn throughout their lives.

 -enterprising, creative contributors, ready to play a full part in life and work.

 -ethical, informed citizens of Wales and the world.

 -healthy, confident individuals, ready to lead fulfilling lives as valued members of society.’’ (2015, p.29).

While completing my assessments and presentations through my time in university I had a conversations with my siblings one day about their education which really interested me. Each and every child has a different view on educations and it was enlightening to hear there’s. I ask them to put together a short video around what they like about school, if they had a favourite teacher and why? And also what they wanted to do when they finish compulsory school in which I have included below.

The school students in the video are 15 and 16 years old meaning they are currently sitting their GCSE’s in years 10 and 11 in compulsory education. Both of these students go to a welsh speaking school in Wales and it is really interesting to hear first-hand from the student how they feel about their education. It is clear throughout the video both of the student enjoyed the subjects that ere made fun and engaging for them, as well as the subjects that have ‘fun’ teachers. The more fun and engaging lesson are for student the more they are going to enjoy studying and want to precipitate in activities rather then being made to.  One of the most important factors in education is a good teacher, the teacher makes a massive difference to a student education, by making them feel comfortable, confident and approachable.

This takes me back to when I was in school, every student has a favourite teacher and mine it the reason why I wanted to become an educator. He was an incredible educator and no matter what challenges I came across he was always there to lend a helping hand, to find ways in which work for me throughout my time in his lessons as well as making me feel comfortable enough to ask for help if I was struggling. Education isn’t just learning facts and passing exams, it is with the guidance of the teachers it is to find yourself, find the person you want to be and get the skills you need to succeed. Educators are there for support, guidance and positivity when its needed, they are there to push you to be the best person you cam possibly be within the society you live in. If I can be half the educator my old secondary school teacher was I will be extremely proud to call myself a teacher. 

The purpose of education isn’t to educate the children enough to pass their exams, it is guide them into the path they want to follow, to become the person they want to become as well as creating their own character.

I have done quite a lot of research into the purpose of education since starting my university course. Through that research I came across a paper written by Martin Luther King Jr which has struck me hard and is a quote I will always keep in the back of my mind when I become an educator myself.  He stated ‘’We must remember that intelligence is not enough. Intelligence plus character--that is the goal of true education. The complete education gives one not only power of concentration, but worthy objectives upon which to concentrate. The broad education will, therefore, transmit to one not only the accumulated knowledge of the race but also the accumulated experience of social living’’ (1947).

Luther King Jr, M. (1947). The purpose of Education. 

Gibb, N. (2015) GOV – The purpose of Education. Online at: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-purpose-of-education [Accessed 11.03.2019].

Donaldson, G. (2015). Successful Futures - Independent Review of Curriculum and Assessment Arrangements in Wales

How can storytelling be used in primary education?

Storytelling is a great tool to develop a child’s imagination and creative skills in a fun and engaging way for children. Until starting my journey through my career in childcare I never put a thought into how much children need their imaginations and creativity skills or how much storytelling can enhance theses skills. As a child it was a routine for my grandparents to read to me every night since I was a baby, until I started using my literacy skills in primary school I never really understood  the importance of storytelling. Donaldson states within his review, ‘’creativity and enterprise are central features of modern life that should be developed and extended throughout a school career. Young people’s experience at school should have stimulated their imaginations in ways that engender excitement, are personally fulfilling and foster creative thinking. In addition, they need to be ready to enter the adult world with the ‘softer’ skills, dispositions and attitudes that will be essential in their future lives, including the desire and the capacity to contribute, individually or as a member of a team.’’ (2015, p.28). Within his report he also suggests 6 areas of learning an experiences, one of which is expressive arts. Schools and teachers are to encourage children to develop their creative skills, talent and artistic and performance skills. Expressive arts provide opportunities to explore thinking, refine, communicate each other’s ideas, to engage in thinking and imagination while being creative. Expressive arts gives the chance for the children to explore issues of cultural and personal identity. For children to participate in expressive arts they require perseverance, close attention to detail and application which will benefit the child as a whole.  (Donaldson. 2015).

Professor Dai Smith stated ‘’it is clear that countries across the world recognise the significance and potential of the arts in enabling improved educational, social and economic outcomes.’’ (2013).

During one of our seminars within university we were given a task to write a letter to primary school children as if we were Victorian’s living in their era. We were given so much freedom in what we would include in the letter as well as the person we wanted to portray ourselves. As a group myself and two other students decided to be a poor Victorian girl, who was too poor to attend school due to having to work as much as possible to provide for her family. Due to knowing very little about the Victorian times we had to do a lot a research around what kind of jobs were offered at the time and how they lived to gain the knowledge to write the letter effectively. It was really interesting having the freedom to do our own research. Throughout our research we found jobs for children such as a rat catcher in which we decided to write about in our letter to the primary school children. You would never in this day and age find a child working as a rat catcher and it goes to show how much thing have changed. Throughout research we also found it was normal for large families to live in extremely small home for example the child we chose to portray ourselves as was 1 of 6 children living with their mother in a 1 bedroom flat in East London. Creating the story behind the child we were portraying ourselves as gave us the opportunities to gain information in which we research ourselves, to use our imagination skills to create this child in our minds, as well as using our creativity skills to put all this together and create a letter written from the child we were portraying throughout. Even for us as adults writing this letter we learnt so much about the Victorians in a fun and engaging way. For children there is no end to what they can learn through storytelling, using their imaginations and creativity through an exciting activity all can engage in.

Within education there is an approach is which can be used called ‘Mantle of the Expert’ that uses imaginary context to create engaging and purposeful activities for learning. The approach work by the teacher planning out an fictional activities where the children are part of an team where they take on the responsibilities of an expert. The children are then set instructions by the client to work on an assignment, it has been planned to create tasks and activities that involves the children in their own research and studying and developing wide areas of the curriculum. For example a class are cast as a team excavating an Egyptian tomb for a museum. To compete the task the children must do their own research around ancient Egyptian history and find out facts of the era. The children will be learning a wide range of the curriculum including history, art and design, geography and religious education. While competing the task each child will also be developing their reading, writing and problem solving skills throughout. The whole Matter of the Expert approach has been designed to teach the whole curriculum at all times, but is still to be used selectively by the teacher alongside a range other methods.

I have included a video below created by Tim Taylor, a teacher, trainer and author in England. He has worked in schools for more than 25 years promoting and developing Mantle of Expert. (Taylor. 2018).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyeeNtN9GGI&feature=youtu.be

While carrying out our seminar task previously discussed I can say first hand how well this approach works. Evan as adults completing the task of writing a letter to primary school children portraying ourselves as a Victorian in their era, it gave us that freedom and independence to do our own research around the subject, learning first hand from our own work and experiences.

Donaldson, G. (2015). Successful Futures - Independent Review of Curriculum and Assessment Arrangements in Wales.

Smith, D .(2013). An independent report for the Welsh Government into Arts in Education in the Schools of   Wales Arts Council of Wales.

Taylor, T. (2018). How We Can Make Learning Irresistible For Children.  Online at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zyeeNtN9GGI&feature=youtu.be [Accessed 18.05.2019].

Will technology take over teachers?

Technology is an ever changing factor within society in which is developing more day by day. We are finding technology taking over more jobs throughout the years but the real question is, will technology ever be that advanced, there will no longer be a need for teachers?. Many teachers may worry tat artificial intelligence will become so advanced there will no longer be a need for a human teacher within the classroom but is this a realistic worry?.

Although artificial intelligence is forever evolving and will take over some jobs, teachers are there to adapt to situations, manage the classroom and behaviour, and to encourage the students to be the best they can. Yes, artificial intelligence in incredible advanced and we as educators are using technology more within our classrooms, but was it lacks is emotion. While artificial intelligence can educate children skills and reinforce concepts for children who are struggling, it will never be able to replace the human teacher. (Lynch. 2018). To be a good teacher you need to put your hear and soul into your classroom and although extremely advanced and I’m sure will advance more throughout the years, they will never feel human emotions.

 Fang stated that “We are all made of our experiences, and whether these experiences are online or offline, human interaction is what powers it.” (2019). I honestly couldn’t agree to this statement anymore. With human interaction children gain confidence, social interaction and real life emotions with is crucial in adult life.

This statment takes me back to when I have my first child. She was 7 months old when I enrolled her into private nursery in order for me to return back to work. If I had the choice to keep her home and not work I would have definitely done so but unfortunate it wasn’t a option, giving me no other choice than to enrol her into nursery. Since her starting nursery I can honestly say there has been no end to the improvements she made by having the social interaction with children her not only her age but children of all ages. When she started nursery she didn’t want to leave my side and would scream and hold on to me so tight I would leave with scram marks from her holding me so hard, now she doesn’t even say goodbye to me, she runs straight to her friends and off she goes to play. Without that human interaction with others my daughter wouldn’t be the confident, bubbly, intelligent little girls she is today.

When having my second child, there was no question about it, she would be attending nursery just lie my eldest child did. Now my youngest child isn’t a people person, she gets very shy and hides away around people she doesn’t recognise. She started nursery at only 4 months old so I could start my course in university and although she still is very wary of the people around her she has built some incredible relationships with he staff and children in her nursery and it has made her the crazy little girls she is today.

Without those human interactions neither of my children would be the children they are today and if I as their parent can see the difference from them attending nursery from only a few months old, you can only imagine the amount of skills children learn from adult interaction when they are able to communicate and feel emotions.

Artificial intelligence is a huge factor within our society at the moment and it is only going to get bigger but there are some things technology cannot do Although, ‘’Sir Anthony Sheldon, master of Wellington College believes. School teachers will lose their traditional role and effectively become little more than classroom assistants.’’ (Radowitz. 2017).

 I honestly believe even though we will be using technology more and more throughout the years, Technology will never be able to replace human teachers. Humans are irreplaceable.

Lynch, M. (2015).Why Artificial Intelligence Will Never Replace Teachers.  Online at: https://www.thetechedvocate.org/artificial-intelligence-will-never-replace-teachers/. [Accessed 22.02.2019].

Fang, S. (2019). Will Technology Ever Replace Teachers. Online at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2019/04/01/will-technology-ever-replace-teachers/#2ab70aaf4279, [Accessed 22.02.2019].

Radowitz, J. (2017). Intelligent machines will replace teachers within 10 years, leading school head teacher predicts. Online at: [Accessed 02.03.2019].

Gamification – How can gamification and the use of computer games be used to enhance learning in the classroom?

Gamification is basically bringing a game into the classroom to enhance non-gaming skills such as engagement and participation.

Children love to play games so why not as educators don’t we used what they are already interested in to engage them in lesson that is going to teach them essential skills for adult life. Gaming is littered with creativity that children are really enjoying so why not use gaming in the classroom. The main issue within education is people are afraid of change, although education claims it has changed, since my parents were in school there has been no real big changes that can validate that. It is time for change and it is time to use the recourses around us for the good, if children are interested in something, use it to your advantage and create an activity that’ll easily engage the student is something they enjoy outside of the schooling environment while they learn vital skills. Nothing is wrong than children enjoying education, what I actually think is wrong is forcing student to sit at a desk and learn when they could be actively learning and enjoying themselves. Education for some is a very small but incredibly important part of their lives, there is no harm using this time for the children to enjoy themselves while learning. Think about it, would you even as an adult prefer to play and game rather than sitting at a desk? Just because children are enjoying themselves doesn’t mean they are not learning and if we as educators can make there time in school fun and meaningful why wouldn’t we do that. Classcraft Studios found ‘’by the time kid are 21, they’ve played 10,000 hours of video games, the same amount of time they’ve spent in school’’. (2019).

Below I have included a video of a teacher called Scott Hebert, talking about the power of gamification in education. This video really hit hard for me with the realisation of the current day education and how much it needs to develop to help our future generation.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOssYTimQwM

‘’The biggest unused resource in school is the students, we will ask everyone bare the students about the education we are teaching them.’’ (Hebert, S. 2019). This statement is incredibly true, we go off the recommendations of people who have no hands on input in education yet we ignore the people going through it. Why? Why would we do this? When they are the people having the hand on experiences in how they are being educated. Herbert carried out an experiment within his classroom, he stripped his classroom and allowed the children to design their own classroom.

Take Minecraft for example, children do not need instructions to play to game, they can create a small building and each time they complete one they want to do it again bigger and better, so why not take this and used it within education?. Gamification is basically using a gaming app within education.

Although I haven’t had the experience in gamification within the classroom myself, I have seen first had how exciting and engaged in lesson it gets children. There is a large age gap between my siblings and I and seeing the education they have no compared to when I was going through school is incredible. The enthusiasm in which they come home with when they have participated it a fun and engaging lesson really does go to show how gamification can engage students. While my brother was in school the teacher constructed a lesson around Minecraft and at the time my brother was obsessed with the game, he’d come home from school, go straight on his computer and we wouldn’t see him until it was time for tea. Using the idea of using a game the children were interested in really shocked me when I first heard he was playing Minecraft in school. Only now I look back have I realised how much that lesson impacted my brother as he was so interested in the game outside of school.

Although there is some huge positives around using gamification in school to engage the students, but it does bring up the issue of keeping the children safe when the are online. Due to the children using online gaming in schools it is going to higher the risk of online safety for the children and become more of  priority to ensure the students are aware of online safety.

Classcraft Studios LTD. (2019). Why use gamification in education?. Online at: https://www.classcraft.com/gamification/.  [Accessed 21.02.2019].

Hebert, S. (2019). The Power of Gamification n Education. Online at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOssYTimQwM. [Accessed 19.05.2019].

E-safety

Safeguarding essentials states E-safety is often defined as the safe and responsibly use of technology. This includes the use of the internet and also other means of communication using electronic media (ed text messages, gaming devices, emails etc). (2015).  Ofsted introduced e-safety into their inspection requirement in 2012 and still today educators unclear on what e-safety is, as well as who is actually responsible for teaching it within schools. It is part of Donaldson’s successful future report (2015) that digital competency is to be taught cross-curricular making is imperative that all educators teach e-safety within there lessons. Throughout the years technology has become more and more popular in everyday life making e-safety a serious issue. There are many issues around technology with cyber bulling, online abuse and uncensored media. 

This year there has been an found that children’s Youtube videos had been hacked. The hack is known as ‘MOMO which is  a scary dolls face’ (Gill. 2019) and has been inserted into normal children’s videos such as Peppa Pig episodes, Minecraft videos as well as children’s toy testing videos. The videos would play as normal and ‘MOMO’ would appear half way through the video and threaten the children so hurt themselves or to carry out certain tasks it set them, if the children were to not comply with the tasks, ‘MOMO’ explains the children’s families will be hurt and/or killed. Some of the video found has been teaching the children to self-harm or commit suicide where as others tells the children to complete tasks one being, ‘at night time go downstairs and turn the gas oven on and go back to bed, but first you must make sure everyone in the house is asleep’.  It is uncertain how many children have been hurt from watching these videos but it has been made clear this hack is seriously scaring children into doing things they do not want to do under the impression there families will be hurt if they didn’t or even if they told their parents what they had seen.  Being a parent to young children myself it is absolutely terrifying this has happened, knowing my 3 year old watches children’s Youtube regularly, it is stomach turning to think she could have seen anything like this. This issue alone shows exactly how important it is to ensure e-safety is taught through schooling, you do not know what is on the internet theses day and it is always better to be over educated than under educated on these matters.

Below is the image of MOMO being used in the children's YouTube video's.

There is currently an open to all website available that provides the best practice of e-safety not just for schools but also for parents which is www.internetmatters.org. The website offers information for everyone who comes face-to-face with children to ensure e-safety is enforced. The website offers different resources and tips to anyone who would like it. For people like myself I think this is a really useful website to know about. Internet Matters state the education foundation framework for a connected world has been created to support educators who work with children and young people to help them develop effective strategies for understanding and handling online risks. (2019). As a parent I want to ensure my children are safe when online. Although I am young myself, I am very uneducated on everything the internet can do and this website offers resources and information around to help with this issue.  There has been no end of article in the press over the last few year especially around cyber bulling and its something I feel strongly around knowing my children are growing up within this society. You think you can protect your children forever but its impossible, they still have to live there lives for themselves and ensuring my children are safe online is something I think about regularly, especially since the Momo Youtube hack became public knowledge. There is no end to what the internet can provide, and making sure our children are safe online should be a national priority. 

Below I have included a short video to voice the perspectives of a principle, technology teacher, and a school counsellor about online challenges their school has faced an their reasoning's as to why they believe it is so important to teach online safety. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMQX2QTIwX0

The NSPCC state embedding key messages about online safety throughout the curriculum can ensure pupils of all ages know how to protect themselves and others online.  (2019). There are many resource available for an educator and the NSPCC website offers help toward gaining to knowledge and skills to enforce e-safety within the curriculum. The NSPCC is always available for any child in need for confidential and valued help on their 24 hour help line on 0800 1111 or online on their website and/or app. (NSPCC. 2019). 

Now Donaldson has completed a review on the current curriculum in Wales, he has recommended Literature, Numeracy and Digital Competency is to become cross-curriculum to ensure maximum learning. Donaldson has advised educators to promote sustained attention to the development and application of knowledge and skills in literacy, numeracy and digital competence. (2015). The technology world is forever evolving and as educators it is our responsibility to make sure our children are prepared for the outside world in which technology is now a massive part of. Due to digital competency becoming cross-curricular it is now more than ever important for e-safety to be taught throughout the curriculum. Throughout the years technology in school is expanding and being used more often. By the children gaining more access to technology within schools it is widening that risk while using technology. 

There many ways in which educators can teach e-safety in schools such as fun activities, drama/ role play, this way of teaching will be engaging as well as informational for all children. Although activity will have to be trailered to each child is a way to get the children actively learning around issue with the internet in a fun and engaging way. Adrienne Katz has written a book called ‘Cyberbullying and E-safety; What Educators and Other Professionals Need to Know.’ The book goes through ways in which educators are able to engage students in activities around e-safety and cyber bullying as well as key factors to look out for while teaching. Katz suggests to colour code the messages so that any advice on ‘safe searching’ for example is always delivered in the same colour and wall displays or handouts reflect this. Any tools in your armoury for teaching should be harnessed to delivering e-safety. It could arguably be the most important skill the children will take forward into their future lives. Above all it needs to be a partnership with children and young people as we explore the internet and new devices, apps and software together. It cannot work if we simply hand down a set of rigid rules even though that is tempting because it appears to be easier.

- Use colour to separate the messages for wall displays (Safe search, safe talk, safe posting    each take a colour and always remain linked to that colour etc.)
- Break the information into short digestible chunks 

- Re-cap or test with a quiz or a kinetic activity before moving on
- Include practical demonstrations with older children helping younger ones
- Avoid using scare tactics,
- Emphasise how they can learn to problem-solve or report to an adult, they can take charge of their online lives 

- Use characters and stories adapted from favourite fiction or movies to illustrate situations for pupils to problem-solve. How did the wolf know when Red Riding Hood was going to be at her gran’s? He cracked her password which was weak (RRHood). (2012).

NSPCC. (2019). E-safety for Schools. Online at: https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/research-resources/schools/e-safety-for-schools/. [Accessed 14.05.2019].

Safeguarding Essentials. (2015). E-Safety. Online at: http://www.esafetysupport.com/stories/166/what-is-e-safety. [Accessed 11.05.2019].

Gill, E. (2019). The Mirror–Momo Challenge. Online at: https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/momo-challenge-hacking-peppa-pig-14054996. [Accessed 12.05.2019].

Internet Matters. (2019). Schools E-safety. Online at:  https://www.internetmatters.org/schools-esafety/?gclid=CjwKCAjwiN_mBRBBEiwA9N-e_mhKUWOk4hE5iKXdGgLgP7tBS85GJVAvfiN93PQISv1B7U-PUv5hHhoCFl0QAvD_BwE. [Accessed 03.05.2019].

Katz, A. (2012). Cyberbullying and E-safety; What Educators and Other Professionals Need to Know.

Donaldson, G. (2015). Successful Futures - Independent Review of Curriculum and Assessment Arrangements in Wales.

Common Sense Education. (2016). Why is Teaching Online Safety Important?. Online at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMQX2QTIwX0  [Accessed 12.05.2019].

The purpose of numeracy in education. – why is it important and how can it help children develop?

Numeracy is one of the most important factors in a child’s Education. Numeracy is used in basic everyday life even without realising. Without basic numeracy skills and child will be unable to succeed in the real world. The whole point of a child being educated is for them to grow and succeed and prepare them to live in the real world outside of a classroom. Donaldson has recommended within his review of the Welsh school curriculum that Numeracy, Literacy and Digital Competence is to be taught cross-curricular and I honestly couldn’t agree with this more. The important of numeracy is tremendous in society from money management, awareness of space, (being able to park  a car), time awareness and many other day to day tasks. Numeracy is universally acknowledged to be the essential foundations of education. (Donaldson. 2015. P.6).

Younger generation in this day and age tend to rely on the technology around them to get through day to day experiences for example shopping. Not just the younger generation but most of the population rely on the technology of tills to tell them exactly how much change to give a customer. The older generation such as our grandparents, never had that luxury while they were growing therefore knew first hand how important numeracy is in a child’s education. The older generation were taught in  a much more formal setting to this current era which is completely understandable due to all the research carried out towards the current day education system. The education system now gives teachers a massive opportunity to give each and every child the opportunity to learn numeracy skills not just through a child – teacher classroom setting, but it has given them the opportunity to teach numeracy through a fun and active way so each and every child no matter how they learn can grasp the skills they need is their every day life. Numeracy is easy to interoperate into play and activities to promote a fun and interactive way of learning for children. Children growing and developing in the society we live in today needs numeracy to be able to deal with money management, money handling, time management, basic measurements and organisation of timetables. With Donaldson’s new curriculum educators are now able to present theses skills into the formal school settings while still being enjoyable and memorable for each and every child, giving them the best opportunities to gaining the best education. By the child gaining theses skills, it is setting the children up for real life skills in which employers look out for. Given the children theses skills early on is setting them up for real life tasks and experience that every person faces. ‘’The needs of employers and the workplace are also seen as vital if young people are to move smoothly and successfully into employment. In particular, concerns about the scientific, technological, engineering and mathematical (STEM) competences of the future workforce have influenced the relative priority given to these subjects.’’ (Donaldson. 2015. p.7).

During one of our seminar we were assigned a task to budget and plan a school party. We had a budget of £100 and had to hire a venue, DJ and as long as it is within the budget we could then choose whatever else we wanted to do with the party. As a team we decided to hire a church hall and DJ for two hours. Due to having  tight budget we decided to charge admission for the tickets making us more money to use for the party itself. Throughout this task we had to work together as a team to make sure we didn’t go over our budget. This task was actually really fun to participate in as there we four other teams completing the same task and we had a competition on who can get the most profit out of the party. Never did I realise how hard it was to plan a party for school children while still staying within the budget. By completing this task it gave us a real life perspective on how numeracy is used through every day life, even down to planning a party. Without numeracy it couldn’t have been possible for us to realistically stay within the budget we were given.

The ESTYN report state ‘’Numeracy is not the same as mathematics.  Numeracy is a proficiency with number that is acquired through being taught mathematics well.  Although pupils usually learn their numeracy skills during mathematics lessons, to be fully numerate they must be able to apply these skills in other subject areas and real-life contexts’’. (2010).

Donaldson, G. (2015). Successful Futures - Independent Review of Curriculum and Assessment Arrangements in Wales.

ESTYN. (2010). Improving numeracy in key stage 2 and 3.